Literacy Strategies to Use in Lessons for Struggling Readers

In many districts, students with reading difficulties are identified in the primary grades so that remediation and support can be given as early as possible. But there are struggling students who may need support in reading throughout their academic careers. There may be struggling readers who have entered a district in the later grades when the texts are more complex and the support services less available. Extended remediation for these groups of struggling readers can be less effective if the strategies that are chosen limit a students creativity or choice. Remediation with structured lessons that repeat the same material will result in less content covered by the students. So what strategies can the classroom teacher use to teach these struggling students who cannot read to access the content? When a text is critically important, teachers need to be purposeful in selecting literacy strategies for a content lesson that prepares struggling readers for success. They need to weigh what they know about the students with the most important ideas in the text or content. For example, a teacher may determine that students need to make inferences from a fiction text to understand a character or that students need to understand how a map illustrates how rivers are important to settlement. The teacher needs to consider what all students in the class could use in order to be successful and then balance that decision with the needs of the struggling reader. The first step could be to use an opening activity where all students can be engaged successfully. Successful Starters   An anticipation guide is a lesson opening strategy meant to activate the students prior knowledge. Struggling students, however, may lack prior knowledge, particularly in the area of vocabulary. The anticipation guide as a starter for struggling readers is also meant to build interest and excitement about a topic and give all students an opportunity for success. Another literacy strategy starter could be a text that all students, regardless of ability, can access. The text must be related to the topic or objective and can be a picture, an audio recording or a video clip. For example, if inferences are the objective of a lesson, students may fill in thought bubbles on photos of people in response to What is this person thinking? Allowing all students access to a common text that has been selected for equal use by all students for the lessons objective is not a remediation activity or a modification.   Prepare Vocabulary   In designing any lesson, a teacher must select the vocabulary that is necessary for all students to meet the goal for the lessons objective rather than attempt to try to fill in all the gaps in prior knowledge or ability. For example, if the objective of a lesson is to have all students understand that a rivers location is important in developing a settlement, then all students will need to become familiar with content-specific terms such as port, mouth, and bank. As each of these words has multiple meanings, a teacher can  develop pre-reading activities to familiarize all students before reading. Activities can be developed for vocabulary such as these three different definitions for  bank: The land alongside or sloping down to a river or lakeAn institution for receiving, lendingTo  tip  or  incline  an  airplane Another literacy strategy comes from the research that suggests that older struggling readers can be more successful if high-frequency words are combined in phrases rather than isolated words.  The struggling readers  can practice words from Frys high-frequency words if they are purposefully placed for meaning placed into the phrases, such as a hundred ships  pulled  (from Frys 4th 100-word  list). Such phrases can be read aloud for accuracy and fluency as part of a vocabulary activity that is based on a disciplines content. In addition, a literacy strategy for struggling readers comes from Suzy Pepper Rollins book Learning in the Fast Lane.  She introduces the idea of TIP charts, used to introduce a lessons vocabulary. Students may have access to these charts that are set up in three columns: Terms (T) Information (I) and Pictures (P). Students can use these TIP charts to increase their ability to engage in an accountable talk in expressing their understanding or summarizing the reading. Such talk can help develop the speaking and listening  skills of struggling readers.   Read Aloud A text can be read aloud to students at any grade level. The sound of a human voice reading a text may be one of the best ways to help struggling readers develop an ear for language. Reading aloud is modeling, and students can make meaning from someones phrasing and intonation when reading a text. Modeling good reading helps all students while it provides access to the text being used. Reading aloud to students should also include think-aloud or interactive elements. Teachers should focus intentionally on the meaning â€Å"within the text,† â€Å"about the text,† and â€Å"beyond the text†Ã‚  as they read. This kind of interactive read aloud means stopping to ask questions to check for understanding and allowing students to discuss meaning with partners. After listening to a read aloud, struggling readers can contribute the same as their peers in a read-aloud.   Illustrate Understanding When possible, all students should have the opportunity to draw their understanding. Teachers can ask all students to summarize the lessons â€Å"big idea† or a major concept that can be summarized. Struggling students can share and explain their image with a partner, in a small group, or in a gallery walk. They may draw in different ways: To add to a pictureTo create an original pictureTo draw and label a pictureTo draw and to annotate a picture Literacy Strategy Matches Objective Strategies used to support struggling readers should be tied to the lessons objective. If the lesson objective making inferences from a fiction text, then a repeated read-aloud  of the text or selection of the text can help struggling readers to determine the best evidence to support their understanding. If the lesson objective is explaining the impact of rivers on developing a  settlement, then vocabulary strategies will provide struggling readers with the terms needed to explain their understanding.   Rather than try to address all of the needs of a struggling reader through modification of remediation, teachers can be purposeful in lesson design and selective in their choice of strategy,  using them individually or in a sequence:  starter activity, vocabulary prep, read-aloud, illustrate. Teachers can plan  each content lesson to offer access to a common text for all students. When struggling readers are given the chance to participate, their engagement and their motivation will increase, perhaps even more than when traditional remediation is used.

A Brief Note On The West Coast University - 852 Words

Signature Assignment MarkRyan Benosa West Coast University Diabetes mellitus is also known as, â€Å"diabetes† it is a chronic disease that is related to an abnormally high level of sugar glucose in the blood. It is caused by one of two means, a person does not produce adequate amount of insulin, which is made by the pancreas and helps lower blood glucose or an inadequate sensitivity of cells to the action of insulin. There are two main types of diabetes that corresponds to the high levels of blood glucose, type I which is known as insulin dependent diabetes and type II, non-insulin dependent diabetes. In type I diabetes your body is still able to produce insulin, which is a chemical messenger hormone that sends insulin to the blood and helps the body maintain homeostasis. Without insulin the food that we consume will not receive sufficient amount of energy. It is a vital hormone that is needed in our bloodstream. Type II diabetes is a metabolic disease it causes glucose in the blood stream to collect and become high. In this case our bodies are still producing insulin and it is being released into our blood stream but not enough. Some individuals who are a type 2 diabetic may only exercise to manage their disease but others may need to take medication to help enhance the insulin production in the blood stream. Some signs and symptoms of diabetes would include polyuria, which are excessive urine, polydipsia excessive thrust and polyphagia excessive hunger. If oneShow MoreRelatedA Brief History of Piano Greats and Jazz Essay1426 Words   |  6 PagesA Brief History of Piano Greats and Jazz The piano has been a pivotal instrument throughout the development of jazz music. Starting with ragtime, which developed out of classical music, all the way to modern jazz the piano has been a foundational instrument upon which many styles have been built. 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Self Driving Cars - 638 Words

Imagine laying in bed watching your favorite movie, playing your favorite video game, or listening to your favorite song. Now, imagine that on your way to work or to the store. Self driving cars could make this a possibility. We have been tinkering with ideas for autonomous vehicles for almost a century and a few companies have even been successful in designing a fully functioning self driving car. Roads full of these video game-esque cars controlled by artificial intelligence or other means of autonomy may not be as distant in the future as one might think. This, being a drastic change in the way we travel, could cause many issues. Due to these potential issues, it is in our best interest to raise questions before we implement these technologies. One possible question is: have we thought out any ramifications this might cause, and if so, do we have an approach to fix them? Engineers have been tinkering with ideas for driverless vehicles since the 1920s. 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Chris Walters Essay Example For Students

Chris Walters Essay Since the nations founding, freedom of speech has been an important part of American Democracy. Democracy is based on the idea that only when people are free to express their views openly can they govern themselves effectively. (Bender Leone 13) When citizens can peacefully assemble and speak their mind, they are less likely to revolt and get violent. Which is why both the freedom of speech, and the freedom from censorship is very important for the government to run effectively, and safely. The writers of the Constitution were well aware of the advantages of freedom of speech when they made the Bill of Rights. However, freedom of speech is not an absolute freedom. As with everything else, this too has limitations. Such as yelling fire in a crowded theater, or exposing children to pornography or anything that would cause injury to people. Unfortunately the problem is that there is a fine line between what is obscene and what is inoffensive. So what should be censored, and who should censor it? Censorship is the act of deleting, editing or repressing anything felt to be immoral, offensive or objectionable. Books, magazines, newspapers, television, radio, music and the Internet are some of the things that are censored. Who should be involved in censorship, who should have the last word on it, and what should be censored? The Government should stay out of regulating censorship, and it should be left up to the individual parents. Pornography and other obscenities are out there for all to see, regardless of age. Everyone agrees that minors should not be exposed to any of it, but with new forms of media popping up everyday, it is becoming harder and harder. Children can view violence on television, in newspapers, magazines, books, on the internet, etc. So comes the question: who should be in charge of censoring these forms of media? Some will say that the government should be the chief magistrate, while others will say its up the parents to decide what their children should and should not be exposed to. It is the parents right to supervise their children, and not the governments. Since 1791 there have been numerous attempts to limit free speech-including speech that threatens the national interest, speech with a potential to incite injurious behavior- speech that infringes on the rights of others, and extreme kinds of pornography or obscenity. Conversely, over the years the concept of freedom of speech has been expanded to include not just spoken or written work, but also symbolic arts of expression, such as wearing black arm bands, publishing pictures and artworks and flag burning. (Bender Leone 13) Since parents have the primary responsibility for the education of their own children, schools should have a decent respect for the parents beliefs and attitudes. Schools should make every possible effort to avoid offending the religious, ethical, cultural or ethnic values of school children and their parents. (ONeill 139) Many different devices and programs have been made available to parents to censor the media. But theyre all brought about because of the government. One of the more obvious forms of censoring is the black bars or sound editing found on television, radio and in periodicals. Anytime something pornographic or obscene is shown on television, a black bar is placed over the inappropriate areas, keeping children from seeing breasts, penises or other inappropriate body parts. With the audio end of this, in the past words were bleeped out, but nowadays theyre replaced with something less offensive. The newest method, for music only, is having the artist re-record it for public playback. This example can be found with Eminems song: My Name Is. Slim Shady. When this song is heard on the radio or played on MTV, they play one version of it, but on the CD the song sounds totally different. These are all good forms of censoring since parents cant be everywhere all the time to watch their children. Another program for censoring can be found in movies. This method has been overlooked for a long time by the general public. .u32addf1b97a581f7d577a9bb42362684 , .u32addf1b97a581f7d577a9bb42362684 .postImageUrl , .u32addf1b97a581f7d577a9bb42362684 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u32addf1b97a581f7d577a9bb42362684 , .u32addf1b97a581f7d577a9bb42362684:hover , .u32addf1b97a581f7d577a9bb42362684:visited , .u32addf1b97a581f7d577a9bb42362684:active { border:0!important; } .u32addf1b97a581f7d577a9bb42362684 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u32addf1b97a581f7d577a9bb42362684 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u32addf1b97a581f7d577a9bb42362684:active , .u32addf1b97a581f7d577a9bb42362684:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u32addf1b97a581f7d577a9bb42362684 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u32addf1b97a581f7d577a9bb42362684 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u32addf1b97a581f7d577a9bb42362684 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u32addf1b97a581f7d577a9bb42362684 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u32addf1b97a581f7d577a9bb42362684:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u32addf1b97a581f7d577a9bb42362684 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u32addf1b97a581f7d577a9bb42362684 .u32addf1b97a581f7d577a9bb42362684-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u32addf1b97a581f7d577a9bb42362684:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Patriotism EssayThe rating system is a more subtle form of censoring. By forcing a rating system on movies, it causes producers and directors to heavily edit their movies and try and make them more for the general public. A movie with an NC-17 rating isnt likely to get many moviegoers to go see it, partially because of the fact that anyone under 17 will not be allowed to see it, and most movie theaters will refuse to carry it. Where as a movie with a G rating, anyone can see, and therefore most movie theaters will carry it. Local governments ban books that they see as objectionable from schools. The government has decided that certain books are objectionable and should therefore not be allowed in school libraries. This includes more than just pornographic books. It also includes classic novels that most Americans have read in school. Groups have protested against the following books being allowed in schools; The Catcher in the Rye- by J. D. Salinger, The Grapes of Wrath- by John Steinbeck, Of Mice and Men- by John Steinbeck, The adventures of Huckleberry Finn- by Mark Twain, 1984- by George Orwell, nd a lot more. (Demac 10, 11) Fortunately, since we live in a democracy we the people can do something to fight against the governments control on censorship. Many campaigns, and groups have been started to keep the government out of the censorship business. One of the largest campaigns is the Blue Ribbon Campaign for Online Speech, which is sponsored by the American Civil Liberties Union, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and the Electronic Privacy Information Center. Check out http://eff. rg/blueribbon. html for more details on the blue ribbon campaign and how to join. We can vote for representatives, senators, and a president whose ideals follow our own beliefs. We can also write tour congressman, or representative about how we feel about censorship, and book banning. Theres nothing wrong with censorship, just with the governments control of it. If the government passes laws on what children can and can not see, they are taking away the rights of parents. Theres no argument that certain things should not be accessible to young children, but it is the right of the parents to choose what is and is not acceptable. For parents worried about their young children being exposed to obscene web sites there are a variety of web filtering software available to parents. A few of these are Net Nanny, SurfWatch, and CyberPatrol. The government tried introducing a V-chip into the media stream. If passed it would have required all television stations to introduce a rating system for all of their television shows, much like the one used in the movies. Then the v-chip would block out all shows with the ratings youve specified. The problem with this is, the rating system doesnt apply to the news stations, and doesnt always work as advertised and blocks some shows that arent obscene by accident. Internet filtering software has the same problem. If the government is allowed to control censorship for all of us, then we as a country are one step closer to living in a totalitarian state. We must exercise our constitutional rights and freedoms or else they will become extinct. Legislators and regulators in the US and around the world are intent on telling you what you and your children may read. Please help teach the government that such a decision belongs in your hands, and those of every other Internet user and parent. The Blue Ribbon Campaign is a way to raise awareness of online censorship and freedom issues, from locally to globally. (Blue Ribbon) Regardless of content or consequences, free expression is a basic human right that must not be infringed upon by unbalanced minds. Censorship is repression. (Censorship Repression)